Coordinate systems and map projections 2nd edition. Understanding map projections, datums, and coordinate systems. Sep 15, 2017 working with map projections and coordinate systems in arcgis duration. Local navigation coordinates systems, such as loranc, define locations by referencing measurements of electronic signals. It is impossible to flatten a round object without distortion, and this results in tradeoffs between area. Geodesy, coordinate systems, and map projections objectives introduce the main concepts of geodesy coordinate systems, datums, ellipsoids, and geoids describe map projections and coordinate systems we use in gis two key questions what is the shape of the earth, and where are things on the earth. Geodesy, coordinate systems, objectives and map projections. They are very useful, as a set of coordinate values can be given to almost anyone in the world and they can relate the coordinate values to a real life place.
The easiest way to try to transfer the information onto a flat surface is to convert the geographic coordinates into an x and y coordinate system, where x is longitude and y is latitude. The figure of the earth and the reference surfaces used in surveying and mapping. Projections and coordinate system linkedin slideshare. Map projections are used to transfer or project geographical coordinates onto a flat surface. Coordinate systems and map projections pdf adobe drm can be read on any device that can open pdf adobe drm files. The following sections identify some of the key factors when using coordinate systems, datums and projections in various applications.
The geographic coordinate system great lakes worm watch. Buy coordinate systems and map projections, second edition on. Pdf coordinate systems and map projections rcz uz on. A coordinate system is a reference framework that defines the position of features in either two or threedimensional space. Handbook for transformation of datums, projections, grids. Gis needs to be able to register data from different coordinate systems for. Area of interest the area of interest is defined by the extent and coverage of spatial data, and each area of interest should be treated differently, whether global, regional, or local. Learn about geographic coordinate systems and map projections and how to work with them in arcgis pro. Map projections and coordinate systems clarke major.
Sep 20, 2019 this selfpaced, online training teaches the fundamental concepts of map projections, datums, and coordinate systems and demonstrates how to use them using esris arcgis. Coordinate systems and map projections open library. If layers in a map have different coordinate systems defined from those of the map or local scene itself, a transformation between the coordinate systems might be necessary to ensure data lines up correctly. Pdf map projections download full pdf book download.
A projected coordinate system based on a map projection such as transverse mercator, albers equal area, or robinson, all of which along with numerous other map projection models provide various mechanisms to project maps of the earths spherical surface onto a two. Extension in arcview, and project in arcinfo marylands stateplane coordinate system is based on a lambert conformal conic projection. The detailed configuration of the geoid resulting from the. Coordinate systems and map projections sciencedirect. Spatial data has coordinate systems, geographic coordinate systems, or projected coordinate systems defined. This is changing somewhat as more data are collected by gps. Coordinate systems frameworks used to determine position on the surface of the earth. The main difference is that projected, geodetic coordinates are cartesian coordinates with two equally scaled orthogonal axes. To transform different map projections of many gis data sources to an unified map projection in a gis database, 5. Using timedifferences, loranc can identify positions with an accuracy of onequarter of a mile. Maling, 1973, richardus and adler, 1972, are elementary.
The shape of the earth and the geodetic datum concept are covered on pages 46. Spheroid or ellipsoid based systems, local systems. The process of projection involves distorition of area, distance, shape, and angles. Projections and coordinate systems are a complicated topic in gis, but they form the basis for how a gis can store, analyze, and display spatial data. A map projection uses mathematical formulas to relate the spherical or ellipsoidal coordinates on the globe to flat, planar coordinates.
Specify a coordinate systemproperties of maps documentation. Geodesy, coordinate systems, and map projections objectives introduce the main concepts of geodesy coordinate systems, datums, ellipsoids, and geoids describe map projections and coordinate systems we use in gis two key questions what is the shape of the. The earth is almost spherical, however there is a tiny bulge at. Some basic ideas about the mathematics of map projections. Two basic types of coordinate systems exist for geographic data. The earth exists in threedimensions but, other than globes, most representations of the earth are two dimensional. Just as all maps have a map scale, all maps have locations, too. Coordinate reference systems used in europe including map. A comprehensive treatment of map projections with useful examples provided in the appendix a. For instance, in geometry we use x horizontal and y vertical coordinates to define points on a twodimensional plane. Projections transformation of curved earth to a flat map. Purchase coordinate systems and map projections 2nd edition. State plane coordinate system fips, zones and the fifty states, learn all about the spcs. Understanding projections and coordinate systems important knowledge to have, especially if you deal with many different sets of data that come from different sources.
Coordinate systems enable geographic datasets to use common locations for integration. Understanding projections and coordinate systems important knowledge to have, especially if you deal with many different sets of. The book concludes with a chapter on the abuse and misrepresentation of map. Map scale is concerned with reducing geographical features of interest to manageable proportions, coordinate systems help us define the positions of features on the surface of the earth, and map projections are concerned with moving from the threedimensional world to the two dimensions of a flat map or display, all of which are discussed in. For a conceptual overview, see georeferencing and coordinate systems. Map projections download ebook pdf, epub, tuebl, mobi. Coordinate systems and map projections 2nd edition elsevier. Projections and coordinate systems may seem complex and arcane to you, but as you become more familiar with gis and gis datasets, you will become more capable of handling different coordinate systems and projections.
Projected coordinate systems are sometimes referred to as map projections. Coordinate systems are referenced to the physical earth surface through the use of datums. Projections and coordinate systems using corpscon, the projector. A revised and expanded new edition of the definitive english work on map projections. The revisions take into account the huge advances in geometrical geodes, isbn 9780080372341 buy the coordinate systems and map projections ebook. Projected coordinate systems are derived from map projections and geographic coordinate systems from latitude and longitude degrees.
Mar 16, 2015 there are many different coordinate systems, based on a variety of geodetic datums, projections, and units in use geographic coordinate systems no projection. Understanding coordinate systems, datums and transformations in australia article pdf available january 2009 with 8,610 reads how we measure reads. This handbook is intended to be a coordinate reference systems user manual, therefore we assume some knowledge and prior exposure to basic concepts of map projections and coordinate reference systems. The coordinate system for my map layers horizontal coordinate system projected coordinate system name.
Conceptual summary of projections aa coo d ate syste sn coordinate systems xy coordinatesderived via projection from latlong t iti 2 dfl t lines of latitude and longituderepresent position on 2d flat map surface spheroid. This projection is based on the mathematics of a cone intersecting a sphere. Objectives coordinate systems and map projections for gis. Gis data differs from other data types, primarily because it contains geographic coordinates describing the location of the data on the earth. To correctly align a feature layer with an image layer in arcview. Analytical derivation of some map projections including examples of pseudocylindrical and polyconic projections is also covered. Understanding map projections landing page for kartoweb. Page 4 engo 421 map projections lecture notes on map projections engo 421. Coordinate systems, map projections, and geographic datum.
Coordinate systems and map projections isbn 9780080372341 pdf. A coordinate system is a reference system used to represent the locations of geographic features, imagery, and observations, such as global positioning system gps locations, within a common geographic framework. The reader is referred to clarke 2015, maling 1992, goodchild and. The employed plane coordinate system is either projected or geographic. The process of converting a threedimensional space to a twodimensional map is called projection. Consequently, map projections are classified as cylindrical, conical, and azimuthal a direct transformation of the surface of part of a spheroid to a circle. The revisions take into account the huge advances in geometrical geodesy which have occurred since the early years of satellite geodesy. Army corps of engineers topographic engineering center 7701 telegraph road alexandria. Six map projections are proposed for use in electronic navigation enav systems together with specific selection rules based on the location and the extent of the area displayed on the screen. Introduction to coordinate systems and projections. To adjust errors which occur at map digitization due to distortion of the map measured, 6. After an overview of the global positioning system gps, the author introduces the fundamentals of map projections and examines the different types. Kotsakis objectives in these noteswe develop a body of theory to understand and analyse the distortion properties of maps that underlie different map projection algorithms.
Datums, projections, grids and common coordinate systems january 1996 approved for public release. Coordinate systems and map projections, second edition. Lecture 2 map projections and gis coordinate systems. Map projections are the means by which data about the 3. Oct 08, 20 presentation objectives understand basic concepts on coordinate systems for the gis user.
Projected coordinate systems a map projection is the systematic transformation of locations on the earth latitudelongitude to planar coordinates the basis for this transformation is the geographic coordinate system which references a datum map projections are designed for specific purposes. Coordinate systems and map projections, george phillip and son limited, london. Map projections are introduced on pages 1012, and pages. Maling gis applications spring 2004 objectives maling s assumption. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Many standard coordinate systems use conformal projections. A coordinate system, datum, and map projection are all components of the coordinate reference system for a spatial object. The first half of the book focuses on datums, exploring different coordinate systems and datums, including two and threedimensional representations of earth coordinates and vertical datums. If layers in a map have different coordinate systems defined from those of the map or local scene itself, a transformation between the coordinate systems might be necessary to. Terminology what all those words really mean geodesy the shape of the earth geographic coordinate systems datums map projections projected coordinate systems working with projections in arcgis understanding coordinate systems for arcgis 3. Pdf a projection aspect is usually defined in references as the relation to the.
Coordinate systems either geographic or projected provide a framework for defining realworld locations. Map projection, coordinate system and datum youtube. Understanding coordinate systems and projections for arcgis. The course format includes detailed information on how these concepts are applied to different regions of the pacific islands. All mapping and coordinate systems are based on this shape.
Different coordinate systems have different methods of splitting up the earth. Gis positional data are primarily printed maps which have been digitized. A coordinate system is a reference system used to represent the locations of geographic features, imagery, and observations, such as global positioning system gps locations, within a. How to improve your memory lbcc study skills duration. Work undertaken in the usa and ussr on the creation of suitable map projections obtained through numerical analysis has been included. Start studying map projections and coordinate systems. Coordinate systems, projections, and transformations. A map projection uses mathematical formulas to relate the spherical or ellipsoidal coordinates on. Buy coordinate systems and map projections, second edition on free shipping on qualified orders coordinate systems and map projections, second edition. Page 79 discuss map scale and the basics of coordinate systems. Optimization of geographic map projections for canadian. Coordinate systems can be defined in both maps and scenes.
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